Cochrane

# Supplementary material 3 to:
Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community

Gillespie LD , Robertson MC , Gillespie WJ , Sherrington C , Gates S , Clemson L , Lamb SE
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3

Cochrane disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on this supplementary material which has been supplied by the author(s). The above associated publication’s Author Licence will apply in respect of any supplemental materials published. How to cite the supplementary material is defined in the Cochrane policy.

# Characteristics of excluded studies

## Table of contents

- Studies ordered by study ID
- Footnotes
- References to studies

## Studies ordered by study ID

Study | Reason for exclusion
Aisen 2011 | Multicentre RCT. Intervention: tramiprosate 100 mg or tramiprosate 150 mg bd versus placebo in people with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Falls reported as adverse events.
Alexander 2003 | Controlled trial. Not strictly randomised. Intervention: multifactorial fall risk assessment in day care centres. Falls outcomes.
Alp 2007 | RCT. Intervention: self management classes for osteoporotic women (post-menopausal or idiopathic osteoporosis). Falls outcomes for outdoor falls only. Not just older women (mean age minus 1 SD is < 60).
Armstrong 1996 | RCT. Intervention: hormone replacement therapy in post menopausal women. Falls outcomes. Not just older women: range 45 to 70, mean age minus 1 SD is < 60.
Ashburn 2007 | RCT. Intervention: exercise in people with Parkinson's disease. Falls outcomes.
Barr 2005 | Controlled trial. 171 non-responders added to intervention group after randomisation. Intervention: screening for fracture risk and GPs advised to prescribe calcium and vitamin D. Falls outcomes.
Bea 2011 | RCT. Intervention: hormone treatment (2 arms) versus control in postmenopausal women. Falls outcomes. Not just older women (mean age minus 1 SD is < 60).
Berggren 2008 | RCT. Intervention: multifactorial intervention in hospital after hip fracture. Reports falls 1 year after randomisation. Excluded as a large proportion were not community-dwelling. Only 63% living independently prior to admission, and 52% by 1 year.
Chapuy 2002 | RCT. Intervention: vitamin D plus calcium. Falls outcomes. Not community (intermediate nursing care facilities).
Crotty 2002 | RCT. Intervention: accelerated discharge and home-based rehabilitation after hip fracture. Falls reported as adverse events.
De Deyn 2005 | RCT. Intervention: antipsychotic (aripiprazole) versus placebo in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Only falls caused by the medication (adverse events).
Dubbert 2002 | RCT. Intervention: nurse counselling to begin a programme of walking. Injurious falls reported as adverse events.
Dubbert 2008 | RCT. Intervention: counselling to increase walking and carry out home-based strength and flexibility exercise. Injurious falls reported as adverse events.
Ebrahim 1997 | RCT. Intervention: brisk walking in post menopausal women. Falls outcomes. Not just older women (mean minus 1 SD is < 60).
Edwards | Ongoing multifactorial trial described in Edwards N, Cere M, Leblond D. A community-based intervention to prevent falls among seniors. Family and Community Health 1993;15(4):57-65. No paper reporting results identified. No reply to emailed enquiry.
Elley 2003 | RCT (cluster-randomised). Intervention: activity counselling and Green Prescription to increase physical activity in older people. Falls reported as adverse events.
Faber 2006 | RCT. Interventions: functional walking, Tai Chi. Not community (low and high-level nursing care facilities).
Gill 2002 | RCT. Intervention: home-based intervention to prevent functional decline. Falls reported as adverse events.
Graafmans 1996 | Not RCT. An epidemiological study of risk factors for falls in a self selected subgroup from an RCT.
Green 2002 | RCT. Intervention: community physiotherapy programme for people with mobility problems at least 1 year post stroke. Falls outcomes.
Inokuchi 2007 | Not RCT. Study design changed to non-randomised controlled trial. Intervention: nurse-led community exercise programme. Falls outcomes.
Iwamoto 2005 | RCT. Intervention: whole body vibration (WBV) plus alendronate versus alendronate. Aim to investigate whether WBV enhanced effect of alendronate on BMD, bone turnover, and chronic back pain in people with osteoporosis. Falls reported but only one person fell during 1-year follow-up in intervention group versus 2 in control group.
Jee 2004 | RCT (pilot). Intervention: incorporating vision and hearing tests into aged care assessment. No falls outcomes.
Kerschan-Schindl 2000 | Not RCT. Sample selected from controlled trial of home exercise programme. Falls outcomes.
Kerse 2010 | RCT. Intervention: home-based physical activity programme in people aged over 75 years with depression. Falls reported as adverse events.
Kiehn 2009 | RCT. Intervention: exercise. Letter to the editor published 2009, with no falls outcomes. Unable to obtain results from authors.
Kruse 2010 | RCT. Intervention: weight-bearing exercise in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Falls outcomes. Not just older people (mean age minus SD is = < 60).
Larsen 2005 | RCT. 3 interventions: vitamin D plus calcium versus same plus home safety versus home safety alone. Outcome: only 'severe' falls leading to acute hospital admission.
Lawton 2008 | RCT. Intervention: exercise prescription for relatively inactive women. Not just older women (range 40 to 74, mean age minus 1 SD is < 60), and falls reported as adverse events.
Lehtola 2000 | RCT. Intervention: exercise. Translated from Finnish. Excluded because of apparent discrepancies in reporting of data. Clarification sought from authors but no response.
McMurdo 2010 | RCT. Intervention to increase physical activity in sedentary older people. Falls reported as adverse events.
Means 1996 | RCT (pilot). Intervention to test a performance measure. Both groups received the same exercise intervention, with or without exposure to the functional obstacle course. Falls outcomes.
N0025078568 | RCT of vestibular rehabilitation with falls outcomes due for completion 2001. Completed "a few years ago" but yet to be written up (personal communication).
N0084162084 | RCT with falls outcome completed in 2008. No paper published.
N0105009461 | RCT due for completion 2001 but no paper identified. Study incomplete in 2006 (personal communication), no response to subsequent emails.
N0582105006 | RCT due for completion in 2002 but no paper published
Orwig 2011 | RCT. Intervention: progressive aerobic and resistance exercises to improve BMD in community-dwelling older people after hip fracture. Falls recorded as adverse events.
Peterson 2004 | RCT. Intervention: muscle strength training in hip fracture patients post discharge. No falls outcomes. Insufficient falls data to carry out reliable analysis (personal communication).
Reid 2008 | RCT. Intervention: calcium supplementation. Falls outcomes. Not just older men (40 years and over, mean age 57).
Ringe 2007 | Possibly CCT ("alternate allocation" of "matched triplets" to one of 3 intervention groups). Intervention: alendronate + alfacalcidol; alendronate and plain vitamin D; alfacalcidol alone. Not just older people (mean age minus 1 SD is < 60) (all with osteoporosis).
Robertson 2001b | Not RCT. Controlled trial in multiple centres. Intervention: home-based exercise. Same programme as in Campbell 1997, Campbell 1999, and Robertson 2001a. Falls outcomes.
Rosie 2007 | RCT. Intervention: functional home exercise. Falls reported as adverse events.
Rucker 2006 | Not RCT. Non-randomised "on-off" time series scheme. Intervention: educational intervention. Falls outcomes.
Sakamoto 2006 | RCT. Intervention: balance exercise. Residents of nursing care facilities and special nursing homes for the aged, and the users of outpatient rehabilitation centres.
Sambrook 2012 | RCT (cluster-randomised). Intervention: increased sunlight. Falls outcomes. Participants are in intermediate care facilities, i.e. not community-dwelling.
Sato 2005b | RCT. Intervention: risedronate, vitamin D2, and calcium in women with dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease. Control: placebo risedronate, vitamin D2, and calcium. Not a comparison of fall prevention interventions as both groups received vitamin D and calcium. Fractures primary outcome. Paper reports change in number of fallers pre-post intervention in both groups.
Sato 2006 | RCT. Intervention: alendronate plus vitamin D for prevention of fractures in people with Parkinson's disease.
Shaw 2003 | RCT. Intervention: multifactorial intervention in cognitively impaired people. Falls outcomes. Majority of participants not community-dwelling (79% of participants lived in high and intermediate nursing care facilities).
Shimada 2003 | RCT. Interventions: balance training, gait re-education. Falls data obtained from authors but not available by source population (62% community-dwelling and 38% institutionalised).
Singh 2005 | RCT. Intervention: high versus low-intensity weight training versus GP care for depression. Falls reported as adverse events.
Sohng 2003 | RCT. Intervention: community-based "fall prevention exercise programme" with no falls outcome.
Stineman 2011 | RCT. Intervention: exercise for African Americans with fall history. No falls outcome.
Sumukadas 2007 | RCT. Intervention: perindopril (ACE inhibitor) to improve muscle function. Falls reported as adverse events.
Teixeira 2010 | RCT. Intervention: exercise plus medication in women with osteoporosis. Falls outcomes. Not just older women (mean age minus 1 SD is < 60).
Tennstedt 1998 | RCT. Intervention: to reduce fear of falling and increase activity levels. Falls reported as adverse events.
Tinetti 1999 | RCT. Intervention: home-based rehabilitation after hip fracture. Falls reported as adverse events.
Vogler 2009 | RCT. Intervention: exercises in people recently discharged from hospital. Falls reported as adverse events.
Witham 2010 | RCT. Intervention: vitamin D in older people with heart failure. Falls reported as adverse events.
Wolfson 1996 | RCT. Intervention: exercise. FICSIT trial. No falls outcome.
Xia 2009 | RCT. Population-based multifaceted intervention. Falls outcomes based on random sample from participating communities.
Yardley 2007 | RCT. Intervention: Internet provision of tailored advice on strength and balance training. No falls outcomes.
Yates 2001 | RCT. Multifactorial intervention to reduce fall risk. No falls outcomes.
Ytterstad 1996 | Not RCT. Non-randomised controlled trial. Intervention: population-based. Falls outcomes.
Zhang 2006 | RCT. Intervention: Tai Chi. Title states "intervention study to prevent falls" but no falls outcomes.
Zijlstra 2009 | RCT. Intervention: cognitive behavioural group intervention to reduce fear of falling and activity avoidance. Falls reported as adverse events.

## Footnotes

ACE: angiotensin-converting-enzyme
bd: twice a day
BMD: bone mineral density
CCT: controlled clinical trial
FICSIT: frailty and injuries: co-operative studies of intervention techniques
GP: general practitioner (family physician)
RCT: randomised controlled trial
SD: standard deviation

## References to studies

### Aisen 2011 {published data only}

- Aisen PS , Gauthier S , Ferris SH , Saumier D , Haine D , Garceau D , et al. Tramiprosate in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre study (the alphase study). Archives of Medical Science. 2011;7(1):102-11.

### Alexander 2003 {published data only}

- Alexander N . personal communication August 23 2006.
- * Alexander NB , Bentur N , Strasburg D , Nyquist LV . Fall risk reduction in Israeli day care center attendees using exercise and behavior strategies [abstract]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(Suppl 4):S117.

### Alp 2007 {published data only}

- Alp A , Kanat E , Yurtkuran M . Efficacy of a self-management program for osteoporotic subjects. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007;86(8):633-40.

### Armstrong 1996 {published data only}

- Armstrong AL , Coupland CAC , Pye DW , Wallace WA . A study of the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on bone density, strength and balance in post-menopausal women [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 1994;76 Suppl 1:42.
- * Armstrong AL , Oborne J , Coupland CAC , Macpherson MB , Bassey EJ , Wallace WA . Effects of hormone replacement therapy on muscle performance and balance in post-menopausal women. Clinical Science 1996;91(6):685-90.
- Armstrong AL . Hormone replacement therapy - effects on strength, balance, and bone density [thesis]. Nottingham (UK): Univ. of Nottingham, 1996.

### Ashburn 2007 {published data only}

[ISRCTN: 63503875]

- * Ashburn A , Fazakarley L , Ballinger C , Pickering R , McLellan LD , Fitton C . A randomised controlled trial of a home based exercise programme to reduce the risk of falling among people with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2007;78(7):678-84.
- Ashburn A , Pickering RM , Fazakarley L , Ballinger C , McLellan DL , Fitton C . Recruitment to a clinical trial from the databases of specialists in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 2007;13(1):35-9.
- Ashburn A , Stack E , Ballinger C , Fazakarley L , Fitton C . The circumstances of falls among people with Parkinson's disease and the use of Falls Diaries to facilitate reporting. Disability & Rehabilitation 2008;30(16):1205-12.
- ISRCTN63503875 . Randomised controlled trial of a home-based exercise programme to reduce fall frequency among people with Parkinson's disease (PD). www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN63503875 (accessed 30 November 2011).

### Barr 2005 {published data only}

- Barr RJ , Stewart A , Torgerson DJ , Seymour DG , Reid DM . Screening elderly women for risk of future fractures - participation rates and impact on incidence of falls and fractures. Calcified Tissue International 2005;76(4):243-8.

### Bea 2011 {published data only}

- * Bea JW , Zhao Q , Cauley JA , LaCroix AZ , Bassford T , Lewis CE , et al. Effect of hormone therapy on lean body mass, falls, and fractures: 6-year results from the Women's Health Initiative hormone trials. Menopause 2011;18(1):44-52.
- Jackson RD , Wactawski-Wende J , LaCroix AZ , Pettinger M , Yood RA , Watts NB , et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on risk of fractures and BMD in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: Results from the women's health initiative randomized trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2006;21(6):817-28.

### Berggren 2008 {published data only}

- * Berggren M , Stenvall M , Olofsson B , Gustafson Y . Evaluation of a fall-prevention program in older people after femoral neck fracture: A one-year follow-up. Osteoporosis International 2008;19(6):801-9.
- Stenvall M , Olofsson B , Lundstrom M , Englund U , Borssen B , Svensson O , et al. A multidisciplinary, multifactorial intervention program reduces postoperative falls and injuries after femoral neck fracture. Osteoporosis International 2007;18(2):167-75.
- Stenvall M , Olofsson B , Lundstrom M , Svensson O , Nyberg L , Gustafson Y . Inpatient falls and injuries in older patients treated for femoral neck fracture. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2006;43(3):389-99.
- Stenvall M , Olofsson B , Nyberg L , Lundstrom M , Gustafson Y . Improved performance in activities of daily living and mobility after a multidisciplinary postoperative rehabilitation in older people with femoral neck fracture: a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2007;39(3):232-8.

### Chapuy 2002 {published data only}

- Chapuy MC , Pamphile R , Paris E , Kempf C , Schlichting M , Arnaud S , et al. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporosis International 2002;13(3):257-64.

### Crotty 2002 {published data only}

- Crotty M , Finucane P , Hayball N , Gray S , Krishnan J , Wells V . A trial of rehabilitation in the home (RITHOM) for patients with fractured neck of femur: an early report [abstract]. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine 2000;30(2):295.
- Crotty M , Kittel A , Hayball N . Home rehabilitation for older adults with fractured hips: how many will take part? Journal of Quality in Clinical Practice 2000;20(2-3):65-8.
- Crotty M , Whitehead C , Gray S , Finucane P , Hayball N . Rehabilitation in the home (RITHOM) for patients with fractured neck of femur: preliminary results [abstract]. Internal Medicine Journal 2002;32 Suppl:A38.
- Crotty M , Whitehead C , Miller M , Cray S . Patient and caregiver outcomes 12 months after home-based therapy for hip fracture: A randomized, controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84:1237-9.
- * Crotty M , Whitehead CH , Gray S , Finucane PM . Early discharge and home rehabilitation after hip fracture achieves functional improvements: a randomised controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;16(4):406-13.

### De Deyn 2005 {published data only}

- De Deyn P , Jeste DV , Swanink R , Kostic D , Breder C , Carson WH , et al. Aripiprazole for the treatment of psychosis in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2005;25(5):463-7.

### Dubbert 2002 {published data only}

- Dubbert PM , Cooper KM , Kirchner KA , Meydrech EF , Bilbrew D . Effects of nurse counseling on walking for exercise in elderly primary care patients. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2002;57(11):M733-40.

### Dubbert 2008 {published data only}

- Dubbert PM , Morey MC , Kirchner KA , Meydrech EF , Grothe K . Counseling for home-based walking and strength exercise in older primary care patients. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(9):979-86.

### Ebrahim 1997 {published data only}

- Ebrahim S , Thompson PW , Baskaran V , Evans K . Randomized placebo-controlled trial of brisk walking in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Age and Ageing 1997;26(4):253-60.

### Edwards {published data only}

- Edwards N , Cere M , Leblond D . A community-based intervention to prevent falls among seniors. Family and Community Health 1993;15(4):57-65.

### Elley 2003 {published data only}

- * Elley CR , Kerse N , Arroll B , Robinson E . Effectiveness of counselling patients on physical activity in general practice: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326(7393):793-6.
- Elley CR , Kerse NM , Arroll B . Why target sedentary adults in primary health care? Baseline results from the Waikato Heart, Health, and Activity Study. Preventive Medicine 2003;37(4):342-8.
- Kerse N , Elley CR , Robinson E , Arroll B . Is physical activity counseling effective for older people? A cluster randomized, controlled trial in primary care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(11):1951-6.

### Faber 2006 {published and unpublished data}

- Faber M . personal communication Aug 30 2006.
- * Faber MJ , Bosscher RJ , Chin A Paw MJ , Van Wieringen PC . Effects of exercise programs on falls and mobility in frail and pre-frail older adults: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006;87(7):885-96.

### Gill 2002 {published data only}

- * Gill TM , Baker DI , Gottschalk M , Peduzzi PN , Allore H , Byers A . A program to prevent functional decline in physically frail, elderly persons who live at home. New England Journal of Medicine 2002;347(14):1068-74.
- Gill TM , McGloin JM , Gahbauer EA , Shepard DM , Bianco LM . Two recruitment strategies for a clinical trial of physically frail community-living older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(8):1039-45.

### Graafmans 1996 {published data only}

- * Graafmans WC , Ooms ME , Hofstee HM , Bezemer PD , Bouter LM , Lips P . Falls in the elderly: a prospective study of risk factors and risk profiles. American Journal of Epidemiology 1996;143(11):1129-36.
- Lips P , Graafmans WC , Ooms ME , Bezemer PD , Bouter LM . Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1996;124(4):400-6.

### Green 2002 {published data only}

- * Green J , Forster A , Bogle S , Young J . Physiotherapy for patients with mobility problems more than 1 year after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359(9302):199-203.
- N0049004427 . A randomised trial of community physiotherapy one year post stroke. National Research Register (NRR) Archive: www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0049004427]

### Inokuchi 2007 {published data only}

- Inokuchi S , Matsusaka N , Hayashi T , Shindo H . Feasibility and effectiveness of a nurse-led community exercise programme for prevention of falls among frail elderly people: a multi-centre controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2007;39(6):479-85.

### Iwamoto 2005 {published data only}

- Iwamoto J , Takeda T , Sato Y , Uzawa M . Effect of whole-body vibration exercise on lumbar bone mineral density, bone turnover, and chronic back pain in post-menopausal osteoporotic women treated with alendronate. Aging-Clinical & Experimental Research 2005;17(2):157-63.

### Jee 2004 {published data only}

- Jee J , Wang JJ , Rose K , Landau P , Lindley R , Mitchell P . Incorporating vision and hearing tests into aged care assessment: methods and the pilot study. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2004;11(5):427-36.
- Wang J . personal communication August 03 2011.

### Kerschan-Schindl 2000 {published data only}

- Kerschan-Schindl K , Uher E , Kainberger F , Kaider A , Ghanem AH , Preisinger E . Long-term home exercise program: Effect in women at high risk of fracture. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000;81(3):319-23.

### Kerse 2010 {published data only}

- ACTRN12605000475640 . Late life intervention to improve function in elderly patients with depression. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=736 (accessed 2 September 2011).
- Kerse N , Falloon K , Moyes SA , Hayman KJ , Dowell T , Kolt GS , et al. DeLLITE depression in late life: an intervention trial of exercise. Design and recruitment of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2008;8:12.
- * Kerse N , Hayman KJ , Moyes SA , Peri K , Robinson E , Dowell A , et al. Home-based activity program for older people with depressive symptoms: DeLLITE--a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Family Medicine 2010;8(3):214-23.

### Kiehn 2009 {published data only}

[CTG: NCT00140322]

- * Kiehn KA , Mahoney J , Jones AN , Hansen KE . Vitamin d supplement intake in elderly fallers. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(1):176-7.
- NCT00140322 . Dane county safety assessment (SAFE) research study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00140322 (accessed 30 November 2011).

### Kruse 2010 {published data only}

- Kruse RL , Lemaster JW , Madsen RW . Fall and balance outcomes after an intervention to promote leg strength, balance, and walking in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: "feet first" randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2010;90(11):1568-79. [MEDLINE: 20798179]

### Larsen 2005 {published data only}

- Larsen ER , Mosekilde L , Foldspang A . Determinants of acceptance of a community-based program for the prevention of falls and fractures among the elderly. Preventive Medicine 2001;33(2 Pt 1):115-9.
- Larsen ER , Mosekilde L , Foldspang A . Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004;19(3):370-8.
- * Larsen ER , Mosekilde L , Foldspang A . Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents severe falls in elderly community-dwelling women: A pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. Aging-Clinical and Experimental Research 2005;17(2):125-32.
- Larsen ER , Mosekilde L , Foldspang A . Vitamin D and calcium treatment and environmental adjustment in the prevention of falls and osteoporotic fractures among elderly Danish community residents [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2002;17(Suppl 1):S157.

### Lawton 2008 {published data only}

- Lawton B , Rose SB , Elley R , Dowell AC , Fenton A , Moyes SA . Exercise on prescription for women aged 40-74 recruited through primary care: two year randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008;337:a2509.
- Lawton BA , Rose SB , Elley CR , Dowell AC , Fenton A , Moyes SA . Exercise on prescription for women aged 40-74 recruited through primary care: two year randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2009;43(2):120-3.

### Lehtola 2000 {published data only}

- Lehtola S , Hanninen L , Paatalo M . The incidence of falls during a six-month exercise trial and four-month followup among home dwelling persons aged 70-75 years [Kaatumistapaturmien ilmaantuvuus 70-75-vuotiailla oululaisilla liikuntaintervention ja sen jälkeisen seurannan aikana]. Liikuntatiede 2000;6:41-6.

### McMurdo 2010 {published data only}

[ISRCTN: 26786857]

- ISRCTN26786857 . A randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of pedometers plus systematic advice to increase physical activity levels in sedentary older women. controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN26786857 (accessed 30 November 2011).
- * McMurdo ME , Sugden J , Argo I , Boyle P , Johnston DW , Sniehotta FF , et al. Do pedometers increase physical activity in sedentary older women? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(11):2099-106.

### Means 1996 {published data only}

- Means KM , Rodell DE , O'Sullivan PS , Cranford LA . Rehabilitation of elderly fallers: pilot study of a low to moderate intensity exercise program. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1996;77:1030-6.

### N0025078568 {published data only}

- N0025078568 . Vestibular rehabilitation in prevention of falls due to vestibular disorders in adults. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011).
- Pothula VB . personal communication May 22 2012.

### N0084162084 {published data only}

- N0084162084 . Prevention of falls and injuries in a community sample. A randomised trial of exercise for older women (PREFICS). National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011).

### N0105009461 {published data only}

- Behrman R . personal communication September 12 2006.
- N0105009461 . Prediction and prevention of falls in the elderly. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011).
- N0105125155 . A study into the prediction and prevention of disability and falls in the over 75 year population. National Research Register Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011).

### N0582105006 {published data only}

- Allen A , Simpson JM . A primary care based fall prevention programme. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 1999;15(2):121-33. [EMBASE: 1999232162 ]
- Cryer C . personal communication August 27 2006.
- Cryer C . personal communication Dec 15 2008.
- N0582105006 . Prevention of falls in older people in Canterbury. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 23 February 2011).

### Orwig 2011 {published data only}

- Orwig DL , Hochberg M , Yu-Yahiro J , Resnick B , Hawkes WG , Shardell M , et al. Delivery and outcomes of a yearlong home exercise program after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(4):323-31.

### Peterson 2004 {published and unpublished data}

[CTG: NCT00000436]

- Allegrante JP . personal communication November 26 2003.
- NCT00000436 . Improving functional recovery after hip fracture. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00000436 (accessed 2 September 2011).
- * Peterson MGE , Ganz SB , Allegrante JP , Cornell CN . High-intensity exercise training following hip fracture. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 2004;20(4):273-84.
- Ruchlin HS , Elkin EB , Allegrante JP . The economic impact of a multifactorial intervention to improve postoperative rehabilitation of hip fracture patients. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2001;45(5):446-52.

### Reid 2008 {published data only}

- ACTRN12605000274673 . The effect of calcium supplementation on serum lipids and bone density in normal men. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=349 (accessed 14 September 2011).
- Reid IR , Ames R , Mason B , Reid HE , Bacon CJ , Bolland MJ , et al. Randomized controlled trial of calcium supplementation in healthy, nonosteoporotic, older men. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(20):2276-82.

### Ringe 2007 {published data only}

- * Ringe JD , Farahmand P , Schacht E , Rozehnal A . Superiority of a combined treatment of Alendronate and Alfacalcidol compared to the combination of Alendronate and plain vitamin D or Alfacalcidol alone in established postmenopausal or male osteoporosis (AAC-Trial). Rheumatology International 2007;27(5):425-34.
- Ringe JD , Schacht E . Potential of alfacalcidol for reducing increased risk of falls and fractures. Rheumatology International 2009;29(10):1177-85.

### Robertson 2001b {published data only}

- Gardner MM , Buchner DM , Robertson MC , Campbell AJ . Practical implementation of an exercise-based falls prevention programme. Age and Ageing 2001;30(1):77-83.
- Gardner MM , Robertson MC , McGee R , Campbell AJ . Application of a falls prevention program for older people to primary health care practice. Preventive Medicine 2002;34:546-53.
- * Robertson MC , Gardner MM , Devlin N , McGee R , Campbell AJ . Effectiveness and economic evaluation of a nurse delivered home exercise programme to prevent falls. 2: Controlled trial in multiple centres. BMJ 2001;322(7288):701-4.

### Rosie 2007 {published data only}

- Rosie J , Taylor D . Sit-to-stand as home exercise for mobility-limited adults over 80 years of age - GrandStand System may keep you standing? Age and Ageing 2007;36(5):555-62.

### Rucker 2006 {published data only}

- Rucker D , Rowe BH , Johnson JA , Steiner IP , Russell AS , Hanley DA , et al. Educational intervention to reduce falls and fear of falling in patients after fragility fracture: Results of a controlled pilot study. Preventive Medicine 2006;42(4):316-9.

### Sakamoto 2006 {published data only}

- Sakamoto K , Nakamura T , Hagino H , Endo N , Mori S , Muto Y , et al. Effects of unipedal standing balance exercise on the prevention of falls and hip fracture among clinically defined high-risk elderly individuals: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Science 2006;11(5):467-72.

### Sambrook 2012 {published data only}

[CTG: NCT00322166]

- Durvasula S , Kok C , Sambrook PN , Cumming RG , Lord SR , March LM , et al. Sunlight and health: attitudes of older people living in intermediate care facilities in southern Australia. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2010;51(3):e94-9.
- March L , Seibel M , Simpson J , Sambrook P , Cameron I , Durvasula S , et al. A randomised controlled trial of increased sunlight exposure to reduce vitamin D deficiency and falls risk in the elderly [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2009;24(Suppl 1):S73.
- NCT00322166 . The FREEDOM study: a randomised controlled trial of sunlight and calcium in older people. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00322166 (accessed 2 September 2011).
- * Sambrook PN , Cameron ID , Chen JS , Cumming RG , Durvasula S , Herrmann M , et al. Does increased sunlight exposure work as a strategy to improve vitamin D status in the elderly: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2012;23(2):615-24. [MEDLINE: 21369788]
- Wilson N , Hilmer S , March L , Cameron I , Lord S , Mason R , et al. Physical functioning measures and risk of falling in older people living in residential aged care facilities. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease 2011;3(1):9-15.
- Wilson NM , Hilmer SN , March LM , Cameron ID , Lord SR , Seibel MJ , et al. Associations between drug burden index and physical function in older people in residential aged care facilities. Age and Ageing 2010;39(4):503-7.

### Sato 2005b {published data only}

- Sato Y , Kanoko T , Satoh K , Iwamoto J . The prevention of hip fracture with risedronate and ergocalciferol plus calcium supplementation in elderly women with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial [see comment]. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165(15):1737-42.

### Sato 2006 {published data only}

- Sato Y , Iwamoto J , Kanoko T , Satoh K . Alendronate and vitamin D2 for prevention of hip fracture in Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled trial. Movement Disorders 2006;21(7):924-9.

### Shaw 2003 {published data only}

- Dawson P , Chapman KL , Shaw FE , Kenny RA . Measuring the outcome of physiotherapy in cognitively impaired elderly patients who fall. Physiotherapy 1997;83(7):352.
- N0461021713 . Physiotherapy intervention for cognitively impaired elderly fallers attending casualty. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspxwww.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 30 November 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0461021713]
- N0461044514 . Risk modification of falls in cognitively impaired elderly patients attending a casualty department. A randomised controlled explanatory study. National Research Register (NRR) Archive. www.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspxwww.nihr.ac.uk/Pages/NRRArchiveSearch.aspx (accessed 30 November 2011). [NRR Publication ID: N0461044514]
- * Shaw FE , Bond J , Richardson DA , Dawson P , Steen IN , McKeith IG , et al. Multifactorial intervention after a fall in older people with cognitive impairment and dementia presenting to the accident and emergency department: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326(7380):73-5.
- Shaw FE , Richardson DA , Dawson P , Steen IN , McKeith IG , Bond J , et al. Can multidisciplinary intervention prevent falls in patients with cognitive impairment and dementia attending a casualty department [abstract]. Age and Ageing 2000;29(Suppl 1):47.

### Shimada 2003 {published and unpublished data}

- Shimada H , Uchiyama Y , Kakurai S . Specific effects of balance and gait exercises on physical function among the frail elderly. Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;17(5):472-9.
- Shimada H . personal communication July 29 2004.

### Singh 2005 {published data only}

- Singh NA , Stavrinos TM , Scarbek Y , Galambos G , Liber C , Fiatarone Singh MA . A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2005;60(6):768-76.

### Sohng 2003 {published data only}

- Sohng K-Y, Moon J-S, Song H-H, Lee K-S, Kim Y-S . Fall prevention exercise program for fall risk factor reduction of the community-dwelling elderly in Korea. Yonsei Medical Journal 2003;44(5):883-91.

### Stineman 2011 {published data only}

- Stineman MG , Strumpf N , Kurichi JE , Charles J , Grisso JA , Jayadevappa R . Attempts to reach the oldest and frailest: recruitment, adherence, and retention of urban elderly persons to a falls reduction exercise program. Gerontologist. 2011;51 Suppl 1:S59-72.

### Sumukadas 2007 {published data only}

- Sumukadas D , Witham MD , Struthers AD , McMurdo ME . Effect of perindopril on physical function in elderly people with functional impairment: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 2007;177(8):867-74.

### Teixeira 2010 {published data only}

- ACTRN12607000472471 . Progressive load training for the quadriceps muscle associated to proprioception exercises for the prevention of falls in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=82213 (accessed 2 September 2011).
- Teixeira LE , Silva KN , Imoto AM , Teixeira TJ , Kayo AH , Montenegro-Rodrigues R , et al. Progressive load training for the quadriceps muscle associated with proprioception exercises for the prevention of falls in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2010;21(4):589-96.

### Tennstedt 1998 {published data only}

- Tennstedt S , Howland J , Lachman M , Peterson E , Kasten L , Jette A . A randomized, controlled trial of a group intervention to reduce fear of falling and associated activity restriction in older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 1998;53(6):P384-92.

### Tinetti 1999 {published data only}

- Tinetti ME , Baker DI , Gottschalk M , Williams CS , Pollack D , Garrett P , et al. Home-based multicomponent rehabilitation program for older persons after hip fracture: a randomized trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999;80:916-22.

### Vogler 2009 {published data only}

- ACTRN12605000335695 . Reducing falls risk in older people discharged from hospital: a randomised controlled trial comparing (i) seated lower limb resistance training, (ii) functional weight-bearing training and (iii) social visits (control activity). www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=366 (accessed 2 September 2011).
- Vogler C , Sherrington C , Ogle S , Lord S . Reducing risk of falling in older people discharged from hospital: a randomised controlled trial comparing seated lower limb strength training, weight-bearing exercises and social visits [abstract]. Internal Medicine Journal 2008;38(Suppl 5):A127.
- Vogler C . Reducing Fall Risk in Older People Discharged From Hospital: A Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing (i) Seated Lower Limb Resistance Training, (ii) Functional Weight-Bearing Exercises, and (iii) Social Visits [thesis]. Sydney (Australia): Univ. of Sydney, 2007.
- * Vogler CM , Sherrington C , Ogle SJ , Lord SR . Reducing risk of falling in older people discharged from hospital: a randomized controlled trial comparing seated exercises, weight-bearing exercises, and social visits. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2009;90(8):1317-24.

### Witham 2010 {published data only}

- Witham MD , Crighton LJ , Gillespie ND , Struthers AD , McMurdo MET . The effects of vitamin D supplementation on physical function and quality of life in older patients with heart failure a randomized controlled trial. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2010;3(2):195-201.

### Wolfson 1996 {published data only}

- Judge JO , Whipple RH , Wolfson LI . Effects of resistive and balance exercises on isokinetic strength in older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1994;42(9):937-46.
- Pacala JT , Judge JO , Boult C . Factors affecting sample selection in a randomized trial of balance enhancement: The FICSIT study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(4):377-82.
- * Wolfson L , Whipple R , Derby C , Judge J , King M , Amerman P , et al. Balance and strength training in older adults: intervention gains and Tai Chi maintenance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44:498-506.
- Wolfson L , Whipple R , Judge J , Amerman P , Derby C , King M . Training balance and strength in the elderly to improve function. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41:341-3.

### Xia 2009 {published data only}

- Xia QH , Jiang Y , Niu CJ , Tang CX , Xia ZL . Effectiveness of a community-based multifaceted fall-prevention intervention in active and independent older Chinese adults. Injury Prevention 2009;15(4):248-51.

### Yardley 2007 {published data only}

- Yardley L , Nyman SR . Internet provision of tailored advice on falls prevention activities for older people: a randomized controlled evaluation. Health Promotion International 2007;22(2):122-8.

### Yates 2001 {published data only}

- Yates SM , Dunnagan TA . Evaluating the effectiveness of a home-based fall risk reduction program for rural community-dwelling older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2001;56(4):M226-30.

### Ytterstad 1996 {published data only}

- Sattin RW . Preventing injurious falls [comment on: J Epidemiol Commun Health 1996;50:551-8]. Lancet 1997;349:150.
- * Ytterstad B . The Harstad injury prevention study: community based prevention of fall-fractures in the elderly evaluated by means of a hospital based injury recording system in Norway. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1996;50(5):551-8.

### Zhang 2006 {published data only}

- Zhang JG , Ishikawa-Takata K , Yamazaki H , Morita T , Ohta T . The effects of Tai Chi Chuan on physiological function and fear of falling in the less robust elderly: An intervention study for preventing falls. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2006;42(2):107-16.

### Zijlstra 2009 {published data only}

[ISRCTN: 43792817]

- ISRCTN43792817 . Reduction of fear of falling and associated increase in functional ability, activity level and quality of life in community-living older adults who are at risk for falling: a randomised controlled trial. controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN43792817 (accessed 14 September 2011).
- Kempen GI , Oude Wesselink SF , van Haastregt JC , Zijlstra GA . Long-term effect on mortality of a multicomponent cognitive behavioural group intervention to reduce fear of falling in older adults: A randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2011;40(4):519-23.
- van Haastregt JC , Zijlstra GA , van Rossum E , van Eijk JT , de Witte LP , Kempen GI . Feasibility of a cognitive behavioural group intervention to reduce fear of falling and associated avoidance of activity in community-living older people: a process evaluation. BMC Health Services Research 2007;7:156.
- Zijlstra G , van Haastregt JC , van Eijk JT , Kempen GI . Evaluating an intervention to reduce fear of falling and associated activity restriction in elderly persons: design of a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN43792817]. BMC Public Health 2005;5(1):26.
- * Zijlstra GA , van Haastregt JC , Ambergen T , van Rossum E , van Eijk JT , Tennstedt SL , et al. Effects of a multicomponent cognitive behavioral group intervention on fear of falling and activity avoidance in community-dwelling older adults: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(11):2020-8.
- Zijlstra GA , van Haastregt JC , van Eijk JT , de Witte LP , Ambergen T , Kempen GI . Mediating effects of psychosocial factors on concerns about falling and daily activity in a multicomponent cognitive behavioral group intervention. Aging & Mental Health 2011;15(1):68-77.